Beyond sleep duration: Sleep timing is associated with BMI among Brazilian adults.

Objectives: To examine the association of sleep duration and timing with BMI among adults. Also, to identify obesogenic and unhealthy behaviors (e.g.diet/sleep quality, physical activity, screen time, smoking) associated with short sleep duration and late bedtime. Participants: Participants (n=755) were part of exploratory, population-based research, with data collection in a virtual environment. Methods: For purposes of characterizing the population we considered short sleepers<7h/night, and the population bedtime median was used to stratify participants into early and late sleepers (before and after 23:08). Student's t-test and chi-square test were performed to assess differences in characteristics between groups. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the association of sleep duration, bedtime, and wake-up time with BMI. Quantile regression was estimated for the 25th, 50th, and 75th quantiles to identify the distributional correlations between BMI and sleep variables. Restricted cubic splines were also used to study the shape of the association between sleep-BMI. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounding variables. Results: BMI decreased by 0.40Kg/m2 for each additional hour of sleep duration [95%CI=-0.68,-0.12,p=0.005] and increased by 0.37 kg/m2 for each additional hour of bedtime [95%CI=0.12,0.61,p=0.003]. The association between bedtime and BMI remained even after adjustment for sleep duration. These effects were higher and stronger with higher BMI values (p75th). Wake-up time did not show statistically significant associations. Conclusions: Because we found that beyond sleep duration, bedtime was significantly associated with BMI, our data reflect the pertinence of assessing sleep timing patterns in disentangling sleep-obesity association. Insights into the characteristics, obesogenic and unhealthy behaviors related to short and late sleep may support specific strategies to prevent and treat excess body adiposity and other negative health outcomes.

Breakfast skipping and timing of lunch and dinner: Relationship with BMI and obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether breakfast-skipping, late-lunch, and late-dinner eating are cross-sectionally associated with higher BMI and obesity. Also, to identify obesogenic behaviors and circadian-related variables, associated with late eating. METHODS: Participants(n = 776) were part of exploratory, population-based research, with data collection in a virtual environment. They were grouped into breakfast-eaters (first meal until 10:00) and skippers (first meal after 10:00), and the population median for the lunch and dinner timing was used to stratify participants into early (lunch/dinner-time before 12:34/20:55) and late (lunch/dinner-time after 12:34/20:55) eaters. Student's t-test and chi-square test were performed to assess differences in characteristics and lifestyle traits between groups. Logistic regression models were used to assess differences in obesity between groups. Linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the association of the clock time of meals with BMI. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders variables. RESULTS: BMI raised of 0.74 Kg/m2 for each additional hour of lunch-time [95 %CI= 0.31;1.18,P ≤ 0.001]. Breakfast-skippers [OR(95 % CI):1.84(1.02;3.31);P ≤ 0.05] and late-lunch eaters [OR(95 % CI):1.61(1.04;2.49),P ≤ 0.05] had higher odds of having obesity, compared with breakfast-eaters and early-lunch eaters, respectively. These associations were independent of age, gender, diet quality, physical activity duration, and region. No statistically significant differences were found in the comparison between early and late-dinner eaters. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that skipping breakfast and eating late-lunch are associated with BMI and higher odds of having obesity. Insights into the obesogenic behaviors/characteristics related to breakfast-skipping and late-eating may be helpful for future nutritional recommendations and obesity prevention and treatment.

Evolução de práticas alimentares não saudáveis entre adolescentes: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2009-2015 / Evolution of unhealthy eating practices among adolescents: National School Health Survey 2009-2015

Descrever a evolução das práticas alimentares não saudáveis entre adolescentes nas três últimas versões da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar. Estudo ecológico, no qual foram estudadas questões referentes ao consumo de refrigerante, guloseimas, ultraprocessados, hábito de comer enquanto assiste televisão e hábito de realizar refeições acompanhado do responsável. Houve redução do consumo de guloseimas (9,1%), refrigerante (8,2%) e de ultraprocessados (9%), sendo este último com maior redução observada na região Nordeste. Alunos com mães de ensino superior completo apresentaram redução de 3,5% no consumo de ultraprocessados, e de 12,2% entre os alunos com mães de ensino fundamental completo. Embora tenha sido observada redução no consumo de alimentos não saudáveis, a ingestão destes alimentos ainda foi significativamente alta em 2015. Considerando a associação entre alimentação não saudável com o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas, é fundamental que sejam desenvolvidas estratégias de práticas alimentares saudáveis no contexto escolar.

The evolution of unhealthy eating practices among adolescents in the last three versions of the National School Health Survey is analyzed. Current ecological study comprises issues with regard to the consumption of soft drinks, candies, ultra-processed food, eating while watching television and having meals within the family. There was a decrease in the consumption of sweets (9.1%), soft drinks (8.2%) and ultra-processed foods (9%). The consumption of ultra-processed food had the largest reduction rate reported in the Northeast region of Brazil. Students whose mothers had higher education revealed a 3.5% reduction in the consumption of ultra-processed food, whilst there was a 12.2% decrease among students whose mother had full primary education. Although a reduction in the consumption of unhealthy foods has been observed, the intake of these foods was still significantly high in 2015. Since there is an association between unhealthy eating and the development of chronic diseases, it is essential that healthy eating practices strategies should be developed in the school context.

Pesquisa de orçamentos familiares: tendência do consumo de alimentos tradicionais, 2002-2018 / Brazilian household survey: trend in traditional foods consumption, 2002-2018

Descrever a evolução de consumo de alimentos tradicionais e da cesta básica brasileira entre 2002 e 2018. Série temporal do consumo de alimentos tradicionais e da cesta básica brasileira com base nos dados das três últimas Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares. A tendência da aquisição alimentar domiciliar per capita anual dos alimentos foi analisada segundo os períodos estudados e as regiões brasileiras. Houve diminuição da aquisição alimentar domiciliar de todos os itens da cesta básica, exceto a manteiga (8,3%). As maiores reduções observadas foram: farinha de mandioca (-69,9%), farinha de trigo (-56,1%) e feijão (-52,3%). Na região Sul ocorreu a maior queda percentual de aquisição de feijão (-56,1%), e o Norte se destacou pela redução acentuada do consumo de carnes (-32,1%) e leites (-57,2%). A diminuição observada no consumo de alimentos tradicionais pode sinalizar possíveis prejuízos à saúde dos indivíduos e perda da identidade cultural alimentar brasileira.

The evolution of consumption of traditional foods and Brazilian basic food basket between 2002 and 2018 is described through a time series of consumption of traditional food and Brazilian basic food basket based on data from Brazilian household surveys. Trend of annual per capita household food acquisition of food was analyzed according to the studied periods and regions in Brazil. Results reveal there was a decrease in household food acquisition of all items in the basic food basket, except butter (8.3%). Greatest reduction rates comprised cassava flour (-69.9%), wheat flour (-56.1%) and beans (-52.3%). In the southern region highest percentage decrease rate comprised the acquisition of beans (-56.1%), whilst in the northern region a sharp reduction in meat (-32.1%) and milk consumption (-57.2%) may be underscored. Decrease in the consumption of traditional foods by the population may detect possible damage to the health of individuals and loss of the Brazilian food culture.